English language

 	
The past participle is used in the present perfect, 
the past perfect and the passive form.

1. The present perfect: 

The syntax is:
Subject  +  Have / Has + past participle.
1-1 the meaning of the present perfect:
She has already eaten lunch
She hasn’t eaten lunch yet .
Has she even eaten  at this restaurant ?
She has  never eaten there .

 
The present perfect expresses activities or situations that occurred ( or
did  not occurred) “ before now”, at some unspecified time in the past.
If the exact time is specified, the simple past is used.
The simple past expresses an activity that occurred at a specific time
(times ) in the past.

She ate lunch at 9 o’clock/ 2 hours ago/ yesterday
She has already eaten lunch ( unspecified time before now)

The present perfect expresses activities that were repeated
Several or many times in the past. The exact times are unspecified.

He’s had tests many times/ 5 or 6 times/ so far this week
 
When the present perfect is used with since or for, it express 
situations that began in the past and continue to the present.


They have known eatch other for a long time.

Already = before ,  have the same usual placement as frequency
Adverbs.

Ever means in the questions : in your lifetime, at any time (s) in your life 
before now.
To be = place ( Idiom)

Have you ever been to Florida ?
Have you ever ridden a horse ?
	- Yes, I have. I have ridden it a couple of times
	- No I haven’t . I have never ridden it.

Many times/ a couple of times / once in my life /never,…

 
1-2 Using SINCE and FOR in the present perfect:
1-2-1 SINCE:
Since is followed by the mention of a specific point in time 
( an hour, a day, week, month, year, decade, century,…)
Since expresses the idea that an activity began at a specific time
in the past and continues to the present.

The present perfect expesses also  the idea that an activity 
began at a specific time in the past and continues to 
the present.
Since introduces a time clause ( a subject and verb 
may follow since)

MAIN CLAUSE 		SINCE CLAUSE
Present perfect		simple past
I have been here 		since I was young

1-2-2 FOR:
 
"For" is followed by the mention of a length of 
time ( 2 minutes, 3 years, 4, weeks, 45 years, …)
If the noun ends in S ( hours, days, …) Use FOR not SINCE.

The use present perfect with for + length of time 
means that the action began in the past and continues 
to the present.

The use simple past with for + length of time means that 
the action began and ended in the past .

I saw a bird.
I’ve been her for almost 2 years
I’ve been here for about 5 weeks.
How long have you been here ?
How long have you had this book ?
I have been here since the beginning of the term	
I have have had this book for length of time
What countries have you been in ?
When were you in England ?
What are some of the things you have done 
	since you came to this city ?
What have we done in class since it was 9 o’clock ?
 

2. The present perfect progressive:

I have been living here since 1992.

The present perfect progressive expresses 
how long an activity has been in progress. 

It expresses the duration ( the length ) 
of time  an activity is in progress.

I have talked with him many times
I have been talking with him  since 3 o’clock.
I have been talking with him  for 2 hours.
She has been waiting for the bus for two minutes.
How long has she been surfing in the Internet ?

With the verbs : Live, work, teach, … , the duration can 
be expressed by either the present perfect and the 
present perfect progressive.

The present perfect = present perfect continuous for these verbs :
Live  -  work  -  teach  -  expect  -  hope   -  learn  -  look  - rain  -
Sleep  - sit  - snow  -  stand  -  stay  -  study  -  want  -  wait  -  lie
 

3. Midsentence adverbs 

They occur in the middle of a sentence, not at the beginning 
or end of the sentence.

I always see him. 
He probably know the right answer.

The common are :
Frequency adverbs :

The positive ones :
Ever  -  always  -  almost -  always  
Usually  - often  -  frequently  -  generally  -  sometimes - occasionally 
These ones adverbs may also occur at the beginning  or end of a sentence. 
(The others do rarely)
The negative ones :
Seldom  - rarely  -  hardly ever  -  almost ever  - never  -  not ever
Others:
Already  -  finally  -  just  -  probably
Already can occur also at the beginning  or at the end of a sentence.

I sometimes get up early. = Sometimes I get early. 
= I get early sometimes.


The position of these adverbs is as follow:
-         In front of simple present and simple past ( except BE)
I always see him . 
She finally finished her work.
-         They follow BE in the simple present and simple past.
She was probably here . 
He is probably at home.
-         Between a helping verb and a main verb
I will , she is , they have,...
They have always remembered him.
-         In a question, they come directly after the subject
Is she, Did he, Do we, ...
Do we  finally find the answer ?
-         In  a negative sentence, Most of them come in front of the 
negative verb ( except always and ever)
He usually won’t come. 
They already don’t listen the newspaper.

Always and Ever follow the negative helping verb:
I haven’t always seen him. 
You aren’t ever  on time !

Negative adverbs are not used with a negative verb. 
I have never seen him , [Not I havn’t never seen him]
                       

4. Using  ALREADY, YET, STILL, ANYMORE : 

He came an hour ago. He’s already  here.
I expected him an hour ago, he hasn’t come yet. 
He came yesterday, he is still here today.
He could come before. He can still come.
He didn’t come yesterday, he still  hasn’t come.
He came last week, but he doesn’t come anymore.

Already is used in affirmative sentences.
Yet & anymore are used in negative sentences.
Still is used in either affirmative or negative sentences.

Already : Something happened before now, before this time.
Position : mid-sentence

Yet : Something did not happen before now ( up to this
Time) but : It may happen in the future.
Position : end of sentence.

Still : A situation continues to exist from past to present without change.
Position : midsentence.

Anymore : A past situation does not continue to 
exist at present, a past situation has changed.
Position : end of sentence.

Anymore = any longer
Still = yet in negative sentences:

She still hasn’t come = She hasn’t come yet.

In questions, YET can be at the end of the sentence.
Hasn’t she gone yet ?

Use the:
Present perfect : before NOW at an unspecified time in the past.
Past perfect : before ANOTHER TIME IN THE PAST.
 

5. Some tenses : (to smile)
 
To smile : intransitive verb (doesn't need un object.)
To reward : transitive verb (does.)

The infinitive : To smile.
The simple present : She smiles.
The present perfect: She has smiled.
The present progressive (continuous) : She is smiling.
The present perfect progressive :  She has been smiling.

The simple past : She smiled.
The past perfect : She had smiled.
The past progressive (continuous) : She was smiling.
The past perfect continuous : She had been smiling.

The future :
	- Will + Verb : She will smile.
	- BE  + going to + Verb : She is going to smile.
The future progressive : She will be smiling.
The future perfect: She will be rewarded.
The imperative : Smile!
The passive forme: She is rewarded.