1-Active sentences and passive sentences:
He wrote a letter. Active
A letter was written by him: Passive
The object of an active sentence becomes the subject of
a passive sentence.
By him (him = object of by) = by-phrase.
Form of passive verb:
BE + past participle
Be can be in any of its forms: am, is, are, was, were, has been,
have been, had been, will be, be going to be.
2-Transitive and intransitive verbs:
She is going to buy a book: To buy has un object.
It’s a transitive verb.
A book is going to be bought. A passive form exists.
An accident happened: To happen doesn’t have un object.
It’s an intransitive verb. No passive form.
3-Using the by-phrase:
The by-phrase is used in passive sentences when it is important to
know who performs an action (important information). Otherwise,
the by-phrase is not considered.
4-The passive forms of the present & past progressive:
She is selling books.
Book are being sold (by She)
They were reading a book
A book was being read (by Them)
Am, is, are + being + past participle
Was, were + being + past participle
5-Passive modals auxiliaries
Form: modal + BE + past participle.
He will fill out a form
A form will be filled out (by Him)
Will be - can be - would be - should be - ought to be - could be
- must be - may be - might be - have to be - …
6- Using past participle as adjectives :( Stative passive)
She is young.
He will be prepared for the exam.
Be can followed by an adjective. This adjective describes or gives
information about the subject. As the past participle does.
Often the past participles are followed by prepositions + an object.
Some common expressions with BE + past participle
1. Be acquainted (with)
2. Be bored (with, by)
3. Be broken
4. Be closed
5. Be composed of
6. Be crowded (with)
7. Be devoted (to)
8. Be disappointed (in, with)
9. Be divorced (from)
10. Be done with (with)
11. Be drunk (on)
12. Be engaged (to)
13. Be excited (about)
14. Be exhausted (from)
15. Be finished (with)
16. Be frightened (of, by)
17. Be gone (from)
18. Be hurt
19. Be interested (in)
20. Be involved (in)
21. Be located in, south of, etc.
22. Be lost
23. Be made of
24. Be married (to)
25. Be opposed (to)
26. Be pleased (with)
27. Be prepared (for)
28. Be qualified (for)
29. Be related (to)
30. Be satisfied (with)
31. Be scared (of, by)
32. Be shut
33. Be spoiled
34. Be terrified (of, by)
35. Be tired (of, from)
36. Be worried about
7- Participial adjectives: -ED, -ING:
I am interested in English grammar
English grammar is interesting.
As a past participle, the present participle can
be used as an adjective.
The past participle describes HOW
The present participle describes The CAUSE.
8-Get + Adjective. Get + past participle:
I am getting thirsty.
They got married last year.
Get can be followed by an adjective. It describes the
change (Beginning to be, becoming)
Get can be followed by a past participle. It describes
the subject of the sentence.
Get + adjective
Get angry
Get bald
Get big
Get busy
Get close
Get cold
Get dark
Get dirty
Get dizzy
Get dry
Get fat
Get full
Get hot
Get hungry
Get interested
Get late
Get nervous
Get old
Get quiet
Get rich
Get serious
Get sick
Get sleepy
Get thirsty
Get well
Get wet
Get + past participle
Get acquainted
Get arrested
Get bored
Get confused
Get crowed
Get divorced
Get done
Get dressed
Get drunk
Get engaged
Get excited
Get finished
Get frightened
Get hurt
Get interested
Get invited
Get involved
Get killed
Get lost
Get married
Get scared
Get sunburned
Get tired
Get worried
10 – Using Be used to / Accustomed to
& Get used to / Accustomed to:
I am used to hot climate = I am accustomed to hot climate
I am used to living in a hot climate = I am accustomed to living in a hot climate.
(Normal, usual, familiar, not strange, not different to me)
Be used to, is followed by a noun or gerund:
I am getting used to (or accustomed to) the cold weather.
Something is beginning to seem usual and normal (not before).
NOTE:
Habitual past:
I used to live (infinitive form follows used).
Used to don’t pronounce “d”)
11- Using Be supposed to:
She is supposed to remember this rule.
They were supposed to not speak out.
Be supposed to is used to talk about an activity or event that is expected to occur.
The present form of BE is used for both present & future expectations.
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