Nouns and pronouns

 
1- Objects of prepositions:
Safia		puts	her book		on  		the desk.
Subject	verb				preposition	object of preposition

 This sentence has a prepositional phrase. On the desk is a prepositional 
phrase.It consists of preposition and an object of a preposition. 
The object of preposition is a noun.

Astronauts walked on the moon in 1969.
Place is mentioned before time.
 
2- Using adjectives to describe nouns:
It’s a good book.
Good : describes the noun book. It’s an adjective.
The adjective modifies noun ( modify = change a little ). 
An adjective changes a meaning of a noun by giving more information 
about it .

The short woman wore an old dress.
An adjective is neither singular nor plural. It doesn’t have a plural form.
Roses are beautiful flowers.

Adjectives can come immediately before  nouns. They can also follow 
main verb BE.
She is  beautiful.

-3 using nouns as adjectives :
He has a flower garden
The shoe store

Sometimes, words that are usually used as nouns, are used as adjectives. 
It used in singular form.

-4 personal pronouns : subjects and objects :

Remember that:
Subject pronouns : I, you, she, he, it , we, they
Object pronouns : me, you, her, him, it, us, them

A pronoun refers to a noun. It is used in place of a noun.

He has a new blue bicycle. He bought it  yesterday.

A pronoun can refer to a single noun. But It can refer to the  whole 
noun phrase  ( new blue bicycle).

Safia and I are planning to solve some problems. Some of them
are difficult for Safia and me ( for us).

Sometimes nouns and pronouns are connected by and. Use :
- Subject pronoun with a noun subject and 
- Object pronoun with  a noun object.


-5 possessive nouns :
’S (apostrophe and S are used with noun to show possession)
student’s
students’
Children’s
 
-6 Possessive pronouns and adjectives :
Remind that :
Possessive pronouns : mine, yours, hers, his, ours, theirs.
Possessive adjectives : my, your, his, her, its, our, their.

A possessive pronoun is used alone.
A possessive adjective is used only with a noun following it.

They are your ideas.
They are yours.


-7 A friend of possessive :
Compare:
My friend = the only one
A friend of mine = one of my friends, but not my only friend.

A friend of possessive pronoun is a special or idiomatic expression. 
It is used to specify one friend among many friends.

She is a friend of bill’s. ( one of bill’s friends)
The expression is also used in plural.

The Blumenfields are friends of us


-8 Reflexive pronouns:

They end in self/selves : myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, 
ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

They are used when the subject  and the object are the same person.

By + reflexive pronouns = alone.

I enjoyed myself at the fair.

Enjoy and a few other verbs are commonly followed by 
a reflexive pronoun.
Believe( in  yourself )-  blame  -  cut  -  enjoy  -  fell sorry  -  
help  -  hurt  - give youself (Sth) -  introduce  -  kill  -   
pinch  -  be proud of -  take care of  -  talk to  -  
teach  -  tell  -  work for  -  wish Yourself (luck)
 

-9 Singular forms of other : Another, the other:

Another = an & other in one word.
Another means one more out of a group of similar items
The other = the last one in a specific group. The only one that remains from a 
given number of similar items.
Another and the other can be used as a pronoun alone  or as an adjective in 
front of a noun or the word One.

Example: One book 
– Another book – another one – another
- The other book – the other one – the other. 

-10 plural forms of other : others, the others:
Other (s) means several more out of a group of similar items.
Other and the other can be used as a pronoun alone  or as an adjective in 
front of a plural noun or the word Ones.
The others = the last ones in a specific group. The remains from a given 
number of similar items.

Example: books 
- Other books – other ones  -  others
- The other books -  the other ones – the others.