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Calculus I









© The scientific sentence. 2010

Calculus I: Limits
Infinite limit and limit at infinity





1. Definitions

An infinite limit is written as:
lim f(x) = ∞
x → a

A limit at infinity is written as:
lim f(x) = b
x → ∞



2. Operations with - ∞ and + ∞

a is a real constant, and n is a positive integer.

addition and
subtraction


∞ + ∞ = ∞
-∞ - ∞ = -∞
∞ + a = ∞
-∞ + a = -∞
∞ - a= ∞
-∞ - a = -∞

multiplication

∞ . ∞ = ∞
∞ . (-∞ ) = -∞
(-∞ ) . (∞ ) = -∞
a . ∞ = ∞
a . (-∞ ) = -∞
(- a) . ∞ = -∞
(- a) . (-∞ ) = ∞

division

±c/∞ = 0
±c/ - ∞ = 0
∞/a = ∞
- ∞/a = -∞
∞ /(- a) = -∞
-∞/(- a) = ∞
1/0+ = + ∞
1/0- = - ∞

power and exponents

(∞)1/n = ∞
(-∞)1/n even doesn't exist
(-∞)1/n odd = - ∞
(∞)n = ∞
(-∞)n even = ∞
(-∞)n odd = - ∞
(∞)0 Undetermined


2. Examples

2.1. Example 1

lim ( 4 x3 - x + 1)
x → - ∞

= lim 4 x3 - lim x + 1 = 4 lim x3 - lim x + 1 = - ∞ - ∞ = - ∞
x → - ∞

2.2. Example 2

lim (x2 + 2x + 1)/( x + 1) = ∞/∞ Undetermined
x → + ∞

2.3. Example 3

lim (x2 + 2x + 1)/( x + 1) = ∞/∞ Undetermined
x → - ∞

2.4. Example 4

lim 1/( x + 1) = 1/ 0- = - ∞
x → - 1-

lim 1/( x + 1) = 1/ 0+ = + ∞
x → - 1+

so lim 1/( x + 1)
x → - 1

2.5. Example 5

lim 1/( x + 1)2 = 1/ 0+ = + ∞
x → - 1-

lim 1/( x + 1)2 = 1/ 0+ = + ∞
x → - 1+

so lim 1/( x + 1)2 = + ∞
x → - 1

3. Exercises

a)
lim (3x2 - 6x + 1)
x → - ∞

b)
lim x(- 3x + 4)
x → - ∞

c)
lim ( 3 - x)1/2
x → - ∞

d)
lim (1/x)
x → - ∞

e)
lim (1/x)
x → + ∞

f)
lim (1/x)
x → 0+

g)
lim (1/x)
x → 0-

h)
lim (1/x)
x → 0

i)
lim (1/x2)
x → 0-

j)
lim (1/|x|)
x → 0

k)
lim ((x - 3)/x2(x4 + 2))
x → 0

l)
lim (1/(x - 3)2)
x → 3

m)
lim (2/(x - 3)3)
x → 3

n)
lim ((1 - x)/(x - 7)2)
x → 7

o)
lim (8x/(x - 7)1/2)
x → 7






  


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