Geometrical Optics:
Geometrical Optics & Physics Optics.
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Huygens Principle:

Wavefronts.
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Reflection:

The first law of Geometrical Optics.
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Refraction:

The second law of Geometrical Optics: Snell's law.
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Critical angle:

Internal total reflection.
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images formed by reflection

Spherical concave mirrors. Mirror equation.
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images formed by refraction

Spherical convex mirrors ..
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Fermat's principle:

Fermat's principle for reflection and refraction..
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lenses:

Thin lenses and Lens-makers' equation ..
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prism:

Prism, colors minimum deviation ..
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Human eye:

near point, far point, nearsightedness, farsightedness..
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Microscope:

Microscope: simple, compound, and magnification..
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Telescope:

Telescope: magnification..
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Resolution:

optical microscope, electron microscope ..
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dispersion:

dispersion, more about the refractive index, and colors of a prism ..
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parallel sheet:

deviation by a parallel sheet ..
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thin films :

thin films and Newton's rings..
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Newton's rings:

thin films and Newton's rings..
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Descartes rainbow:

Primary and secondary rainbows ..
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Some applications

More fun with Optics ..
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Optics calculator:

Optics calculator: all the related calculations ..
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home

The fundamental, and just this ..
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Geometrical Optics
Optics -     Geometrical Optics..





The second law of Geomerical Optics: Refraction of light:


When light is incident at an interface between two media, it is partly reflected and partly transmitted. The transmitted ray is called the refracted ray.


1. Index of refraction:


The index of refraction "n" for a medium (transparent optical medium) is defined as the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum "c" to the speed of light in the medium "v".
n = c/v

Example of index of refraction:
Vacuum: 1
Air: 1.0003
Water: 1.33
Diamond: 2.42

2. Snell's law:


The refracted ray bends toward the normal to form an angle less than the angle of incidence if the refraction index of the refracting medium is grater than the one of the incidence medium .
According to n1 sin i = n2 sin r, if n2 > n1, then i > r; the ray bends then toward the normal. And if if n2 < n1, then i < r and he ray bends then backoward the normal.



We have:
t = AD/v = BC/w
sin r = cos DAC = AD/AC
We have shown that BAC = i. Then:
sin i = BC/AC
Therefore:
AC = AD/sin r = BC/sin i → AD sin i = BC sin r → v sin i = w sin r.
The idex of refraction of the first medium is c/w = n1; and the idex of refraction of the second medium is c/v = n2.
The relation v sin i = w sin r becomes: n1 sin i = n2 sin r.

n1 sin i = n2 sin r

This is Snell's law.





 

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