X rays

Roentgen,  in 1895, discovered the first example of x-rayswhile using the  
Crooke’s tube , represented as follows:





This device is composed by :

a glass envelope under high vacuum,
a heated wire  forming the cathode, 
a heavy metal (copper) target at the end forming the anode,
a high voltage applied to the electrodes to accelerate electrons.
 (10 - 100 kV kilovolts)

The electrons formed at the cathode are pulled towards the anode.They strike 
the metal with very high energy. The X-Rays are 
produced. Roentgen called them X rays.




Let's Concider this figure:





Instead of dealing with Auger electrons, where we send
an electron in the medium  to produce electron ( Auger), 
the X-Ray involves photon ( like the photoelectric effect)
to eject photon (X-Rays).

Here is the idea:

When we send a photon with an energy greater than the binding energy of a target 
electron in a specific shell in the atom, the latter electron is ejected 
from its orbit and leaves a hole (or vacancy).  Another electron from a higher 
shell fills the hole and uses the rest of its energy to produce an x-ray .
This process is known as fluorescence. Every electron in the atom target
can undergo the transition to fill the vacancy, we talk about 
characteristic x-rays.

The transition n-m from the shell n to the shell m is represented as follows:

2-1  K alpha
3-1  K beta
4-1  K gamma
5-1  K delta

3-2  L alpha
4-2  L beta
5-2  L gamma

4-3  M  alpha
5-3  M  beta

The following figure gives a general idea of the 
spectrun of the characterisic X-Rays. 






The more common used targets are the tungsten and the molybdenum.
Example, for the Molybdenum, We have respectivly  0.65 and 0.75 
nm for Ka and Kb, at 35 kV.




Related studies to Characteristic X-Rays:

Bohr model is used to compute the frequencies of the characteristic x-rays.
Moseley Plot can be used to determine the frequencies of the characteristic 
x-rays for elements of the periodic table. The related Moseley relationship
is set by measures, then empirical. A good aproximation can be written as :


E (K,Z) =  K ( Z -1)2   ( keV)  


Where Z is the atomic number of the element
K a constant With the values 1, 1.5, 1.45 respectively for 
K, L and M shells.

Mainly for Ka,  the plot of the square root of the frequency (=E/h)
versus the atomic number Z follows a straight line.